ABSTRACT
RESUMO Atualmente médicos e profissionais da saúde encontram-se frente a uma pandemia desafiadora causada por uma nova cepa denominada 2019 Novel Coronavírus (COVID-19). A infecção humana pelo COVID-19 ainda não tem o espectro clínico completamente descrito, bem como não se sabe com precisão o padrão de letalidade, mortalidade, infectividade e transmissibilidade. Não há vacina ou medicamento específico disponível. O tratamento é de suporte e inespecífico. No Brasil, assim como no restante do mundo o número de casos de COVID-19 tem crescido de maneira alarmante levando a um aumento do número de internações assim como da mortalidade pela doença. Atualmente os estados com maior número de casos são, respectivamente, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Distrito Federal e Ceará. O objetivo deste trabalho é oferecer alternativas a fim de orientar cirurgiões quanto ao manejo cirúrgico das vias aéreas em pacientes com suspeita e/ou confirmação para infecção pelo COVID-19.
ABSTRACT Currently doctors and health professionals are facing a challenging pandemic caused by a new strain called 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19). Human infection with COVID-19 does not yet have the clinical spectrum fully described, and the pattern of lethality, mortality, infectivity and transmissibility is not known with precision. There is no specific vaccine or medication available. Treatment is supportive and nonspecific. In Brazil, as in the rest of the world, the number of COVID-19 cases has grown alarmingly, leading to an increase in the number of hospitalizations as well as in mortality from the disease. Currently, the states with the highest number of cases are, respectively, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Distrito Federal and Ceará. The objective of this work is to offer alternatives in order to guide surgeons regarding the surgical management of the airways in patients with suspicion and / or confirmation for COVID-19 infection.
Subject(s)
Humans , Pneumonia, Viral/surgery , Coronavirus Infections/surgery , Airway Management/methods , Betacoronavirus , Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control , Postoperative Care/standards , Risk Management/standards , Tracheostomy/standards , Equipment Contamination/prevention & control , Occupational Exposure/prevention & control , Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control , Airway Management/standards , Pandemics/prevention & control , Surgeons/standards , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19 , Laryngeal Muscles/surgeryABSTRACT
RESUMO O programa de transplante de fígado teve início em nosso centro em 1992, e pacientes em pós-operatório de transplante hepático ainda são admitidos à unidade de terapia intensiva. Uma curva de aprendizado do médico intensivista teve então início, com aquisição de habilidades e estabelecimento de uma prática específica. Contudo, muitos dos conceitos se modificaram com o tempo, o que conduziu a uma melhora nos cuidados proporcionados a esses pacientes. A abordagem prática varia entre diferentes centros de transplante de fígado, segundo especificidades locais. Assim, ensejamos apresentar nossa prática para estimular o debate entre diferentes equipes dedicadas, o que tem potencial de permitir a introdução de novas ideias e, possivelmente, melhorar o padrão de cuidados em cada instituição.
ABSTRACT The liver transplant program in our center started in 1992, and post-liver transplant patients are still admitted to the intensive care unit. For the intensive care physician, a learning curve started then, skills were acquired, and a specific practice was established. Throughout this time, several concepts changed, improving the care of these patients. The practical approach varies between liver transplant centers, according to local specificities. Hence, we wanted to present our routine practice to stimulate the debate between dedicated teams, which can allow the introduction of new ideas and potentially improve each local standard of care.
Subject(s)
Humans , Postoperative Care/methods , Liver Transplantation/methods , Critical Care/methods , Postoperative Care/standards , Postoperative Period , Clinical Competence , Critical Care/standards , Standard of Care , Intensive Care UnitsABSTRACT
Resumen: Introducción: La evaluación ecocardiográfica de pacientes post-trasplante cardiaco pediátrico es una herramienta útil. Sin embargo, aún es necesario definir un protocolo óptimo de seguimiento. Obje tivo: Caracterizar los resultados de la aplicación de un protocolo de evaluación ecocardiográfica fun cional en pacientes en control post-trasplante cardiaco pediátrico ortotópico. Pacientes y Método: Posterior al trasplante cardiaco pediátrico se realizó una ecocardiografía con un protocolo funcional que incluyó strain longitudinal global. Se evaluaron además los datos de la biopsia endomiocárdica y del estudio hemodinámico contemporáneos. Resultados: De un total de 9 pacientes sólo 1 presentó disfunción sistólica de ventrículo izquierdo según parámetros clásicos, pero casi la totalidad presentó un strain longitudinal global alterado. No se observaron episodios de rechazo moderado o severo en estos pacientes. Todos los pacientes presentaban disfunción sistólica ventricular derecha. No se ob servó correlación entre estos parámetros y la presión de arteria pulmonar. Conclusiones: Se observó disfunción sistólica biventricular subclínica en la mayoría de los pacientes de esta serie. No hubo aso ciación con episodios de rechazo o con hipertensión pulmonar, lo que podría estar en relación con la ausencia de episodios de rechazo moderado o severo en la biopsia contemporánea y con el reducido tamaño muestral. Sólo el seguimiento a largo plazo de estos pacientes permitirá definir la relevancia clínica de los hallazgos descritos.
Abstract: Introduction: The echocardiographic evaluation of patients after heart transplantation is a useful tool. However, it is still necessary to define an optimal follow-up protocol. Objective: To describe the results of the application of a functional echocardiographic protocol in patients being followed after pediatric heart transplantation. Patients and Method: Alls patients being followed at our institution after pediatric heart transplantation underwent an echocardiographic examination with a functional protocol that included global longitudinal strain. Contemporaneous endomyocardial biopsy results and hemodynamic data were recorded. Results: 9 patients were evaluated with our echocardiographic functional protocol. Of these patients, only 1 showed systolic left ventricular dysfunction according to classic parameters. However, almost all patients had an abnormal global longitudinal strain. Right ventricular systolic dysfunction was observed in all patients. No epidodes of moderate to severe rejectiom were recorded. No correlation was observed between these parameters and pulmonary artery pressure. Conclusions: Subclinical biventricular systolic dysfunction was observed in the majority of the patients in this study. No association with rejection episodes or pulmonary hypertension was observed, which may be related to the absence of moderate or severe rejection episodes during the study period, and to the small sample size. Long term follow-up of these patients may better define the clinical relevance of our findings.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Postoperative Care/methods , Postoperative Complications/diagnostic imaging , Echocardiography, Doppler/methods , Heart Transplantation , Aftercare/methods , Ventricular Dysfunction, Right/diagnostic imaging , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/diagnostic imaging , Postoperative Care/standards , Echocardiography, Doppler/standards , Pilot Projects , Clinical Protocols , Prospective Studies , Follow-Up Studies , Aftercare/standards , Ventricular Dysfunction, Right/etiology , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/etiologyABSTRACT
La recuperación posoperatoria, el control y apoyo posalta son esenciales en el éxito de la cirugía ambulatoria. El proceso de recuperación posoperatoria se divide en recuperación Fase I y Fase II, en las cuales se utilizan criterios clínicos predefinidos para decidir si un paciente puede ser trasladado a la fase siguiente o ser dado de alta al domicilio, respectivamente. Al momento del alta, las indicaciones posoperatorias se entregan por escrito y el paciente debe estar acompañado por un adulto. Después del alta, se realiza un seguimiento del paciente durante los primeros días, habitualmente a través de llamado telefónico, evaluando parámetros clínicos predefinidos. La evaluación de resultados en cirugía ambulatoria se realiza a través de indicadores específicos, tales como retardo del alta, hospitalización no programada y rehospitalización posalta.
Postoperative recovery and post discharge surveillance and support are essential in outpatient surgery success. The postoperative recovery process is divided into Phase I and Phase II, in which predefined clinical criteria are used to decide whether a patient can be moved to the next phase or be discharged to home, respectively. At discharge, postoperative indications are given in writing and an adult must accompany the patient. After discharge, the patient is monitored during the first few days, usually through a telephone call and predefined clinical parameters are evaluated. Outpatient surgery outcome evaluation is performed through specific indicators such as prolonged postoperative stay, unanticipated hospital admission, and return to hospital and readmission.
Subject(s)
Humans , Postoperative Care/standards , Ambulatory Surgical Procedures/standards , Patient Discharge , Postoperative Care/methods , Ambulatory Surgical Procedures/methodsABSTRACT
Abstract Post-operative pain management is a significant problem in clinical practice in Latin America. Insufficient or inappropriate pain management is in large part due to insufficient knowledge, attitudes and education, and poor communications at various levels. In addition, the lack of awareness of the availability and importance of clear policies and guidelines for recording pain intensity, the use of specific analgesics and the proper approach to patient education have led to the consistent under-treatment of pain management in the region. However, these problems are not insurmountable and can be addressed at both the provider and patient level. Robust policies and guidelines can help insure continuity of care and reduce unnecessary variations in practice. The objective of this paper is to call attention to the problems associated with Acute Post-Operative Pain (APOP) and to suggest recommendations for their solutions in Latin America. A group of experts on anesthesiology, surgery and pain developed recommendations that will lead to more efficient and effective pain management. It will be necessary to change the knowledge and behavior of health professionals and patients, and to obtain a commitment of policy makers. Success will depend on a positive attitude and the commitment of each party through the development of policies, programs and the promotion of a more efficient and effective system for the delivery of APOP services as recommended by the authors of this paper. The writing group believes that implementation of these recommendations should significantly enhance efficient and effective post-operative pain management in Latin America.
Resumo O controle da dor no período pós-operatório é um problema significativo na prática clínica na América Latina. O controle insuficiente ou inadequado da dor é devido, em grande parte, à insuficiência de conhecimento, atitudes e formação e à comunicação precária em vários níveis. Além disso, a falta de conscientização da disponibilidade e importância de políticas e diretrizes inequívocas para avaliar a intensidade da dor, o uso de analgésicos específicos e a abordagem adequada para instruir o paciente levaram ao subtratamento consistente da dor na região. Contudo, esses problemas não são insuperáveis e podem ser abordados no âmbito tanto do provedor quanto do paciente. Políticas e diretrizes substanciais podem ajudar a garantir a continuidade dos cuidados e reduzir as variações desnecessárias na prática. O objetivo deste artigo é chamar a atenção para os problemas associados à dor aguda no pós-operatório (DAPO) e sugerir recomendações para solucioná-los na América Latina. Um grupo de especialistas em anestesiologia, cirurgia e dor desenvolveu recomendações que levarão a um controle mais eficiente e eficaz da dor. Será preciso mudar o conhecimento e o comportamento dos profissionais de saúde e pacientes e obter um compromisso por parte de legisladores. O sucesso dependerá de uma atitude positiva e do compromisso de cada parte através do desenvolvimento de políticas e programas e da promoção de um sistema mais eficiente e eficaz para a prestação de serviços para a DAPO, como recomendado pelos autores deste trabalho. O grupo que as redigiu acredita que a aplicação dessas recomendações deve melhorar de modo significativo a eficiência e eficácia do controle da dor no período pós-operatório na América Latina.
Subject(s)
Humans , Pain, Postoperative/therapy , Postoperative Care/standards , Pain Management/standards , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Latin AmericaABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective: to develop, evaluate and validate a surgical safety checklist for patients in the pre and postoperative periods in surgical hospitalization units. Method: methodological research carried out in a large public teaching hospital in the South of Brazil, with application of the principles of the Safe Surgery Saves Lives Programme of the World Health Organization. The checklist was applied to 16 nurses of 8 surgical units and submitted for validation by a group of eight experts using the Delphi method online. Results: the instrument was validated and it was achieved a mean score ≥1, level of agreement ≥75% and Cronbach's alpha >0.90. The final version included 97 safety indicators organized into six categories: identification, preoperative, immediate postoperative, immediate postoperative, other surgical complications, and hospital discharge. Conclusion: the Surgical Safety Checklist in the Pre and Postoperative periods is another strategy to promote patient safety, as it allows the monitoring of predictive signs and symptoms of surgical complications and the early detection of adverse events.
RESUMO Objetivo: elaborar, avaliar e validar um checklist de segurança cirúrgica para os períodos pré e pós-operatório de unidades de internação cirúrgica. Método: pesquisa metodológica, realizada em hospital de ensino público de grande porte do Sul do Brasil, com aplicação dos fundamentos do Programa Cirurgias Seguras Salvam Vidas da Organização Mundial da Saúde. O checklist foi aplicado a 16 enfermeiros de oito unidades cirúrgicas, e submetido à validação por meio da técnica Delphi on-line com oito especialistas. Resultados: o instrumento foi validado, obtendo-se ranking médio ≥1, grau de concordância ≥75% e Alfa de Cronbach >0,90. A versão final contemplou 97 indicadores de segurança organizados em seis categorias: identificação, pré-operatório, pós-operatório imediato, pós-operatório mediato, outras complicações cirúrgicas, e alta hospitalar. Conclusão: o Checklist de Segurança Cirúrgica Pré e Pós-Operatório é mais uma estratégia na promoção da segurança do paciente, pois possibilita monitorar sinais e sintomas preditivos de complicações cirúrgicas e detecção precoce de eventos adversos.
RESUMEN Objetivo: desarrollar, evaluar y validar un checklist de seguridad quirúrgica para los períodos pre y postoperatorio de unidades de hospitalización quirúrgica.. Método: investigación metodológica llevada a cabo en un amplio hospital público de enseñanza del Sur de Brasil, con aplicación de los principios del Programa de Cirugía Segura Salva Vidas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. El checklist se aplicó a 16 enfermeros de 8 unidades quirúrgicas y fue sometida a validación por ocho expertos utilizando el método Delphi en línea. Resultados: el instrumento fue validado y se logró una puntuación media ≥1, grado de acuerdo ≥75% y alfa de Cronbach >0.90. La versión final incluyó 97 indicadores de seguridad organizados en seis categorías: identificación, preoperatorio, postoperatorio inmediato, postoperatorio inmediato, otras complicaciones quirúrgicas y alta hospitalaria. Conclusión: el Checklist de Seguridad Quirúrgica en el Período Pre y Postoperatorio es otra estrategia más para promover la seguridad del paciente, ya que permite monitorear los signos y síntomas predictivos de las complicaciones quirúrgicas y la detección temprana de eventos adversos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Postoperative Care/standards , Surgical Procedures, Operative , Preoperative Care/standards , Checklist , Patient SafetyABSTRACT
La malnutrición es una complicación habitual de los neonatos con patología cardiovascular en el período posquirúrgico. Esto sucede por la escasa reserva metabólica, el aumento del gasto energético provocado por la lesión, el aporte de nutrientes insuficiente o tardío que reciben y por su incapacidad de metabolizarlos dada su condición crítica. Una intervención nutricional adecuada, que alcanza los objetivos, logra mejor respuesta metabólica del neonato operado y tiene consecuencias significativas en el tiempo de internación, cicatrización de heridas, susceptibilidad a las infecciones y evolución posquirúrgica. Estos lineamientos pretenden establecer fundamentos prácticos para el soporte nutricional tanto enteral como parenteral del paciente cardiovascular neonatal, teniendo en cuenta la restricción hídrica y la optimización de macro y micronutrientes requeridos en el posoperatorio.
Malnutrition is common in newborn patients after cardiac surgery, because of the low metabolic reserves, increased energy expenditure caused by the injury, and reduced or delayed nutritional support they receive, as well as their inability to metabolize the nutrients administered. It is important to achieve appropriate nutrition; a better metabolic response after surgery has a significant impact on length of stay, wound healing, susceptibility to infections and surgical outcome. This guideline intended to establish the practical foundation for parenteral and enteral nutritional support in the newborn with cardiac surgery, considering water restriction, optimizing macro and micronutrients required in the postoperative time.
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Postoperative Care/standards , Nutritional Support , Cardiac Surgical Procedures , Algorithms , Practice Guidelines as TopicABSTRACT
Solid organ transplantation has greatly improved survival in children with end-stage disease, becoming one of the main treatment options in this population. Nonetheless, there are significant challenges associated with validating and optimizing the effects of these interventions in clinical trials. Therefore, we reviewed the main issues related to conducting clinical transplantation research in children. We divided these challenges into three different categories: (i) challenges related to surgical techniques and anesthetic procedures, (ii) challenges related to post-transplant care and (iii) challenges specific to a particular population group and disease type. Some of the observed burdens for clinical research in this field are related to the limitations of conducting studies with a placebo or sham procedure, determining the standard of care for a control group, low prevalence of cases, ethical concerns related to use of a placebo control group and lack of generalizability from animal studies and clinical trials conducted in adult populations. To overcome some of these barriers, it is necessary to utilize alternative clinical trial designs, such as observational studies or non-inferiority trials, and to develop multicenter collaborations to increase the recruitment rate. In conclusion, the lack of robust data related to pediatric transplantation remains problematic, and further clinical trials are needed to develop more efficacious and safer treatments.
Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Biomedical Research/methods , Organ Transplantation/methods , Clinical Trials as Topic , Observational Studies as Topic , Postoperative Care/standards , Surgical Procedures, Operative/methodsABSTRACT
Neste relato de caso, descrevemos um paciente portador de fibrilação atrial (FA) persistente, submetido à ablação percutânea da FA pela técnica de isolamento extraostial das veias pulmonares, que desenvolveu uma estenose acentuada do óstio da veia pulmonar superior esquerda (VPSE), sem manifestar sintomas, diagnosticada pela angiotomografia de controle das veias pulmonares. O paciente foi submetido à angioplastia com implante de stent na VPSE com sucesso, resultando na normalização da perfusão pulmonar, verificado pela cintilografia pulmonar realizada 3 meses após a angioplastia.
This case report describes a patient with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) submitted to radiofrequency catheter ablation of AF through the pulmonary vein antrum isolation technique, who developed a severe stenosis of the left superior pulmonary vein (LSPV), without presenting any symptoms. The diagnosis of the PV stenosis was made by a routine postprocedure computed tomography scan of the left atrium, and the patient was subsequently submitted to angioplasty with stenting of the LSPV, resulting in the normalization of pulmonary perfusion, as seen by ventilation/perfusion scan made three months after the LSPV angioplasty.
En este caso clínico, describimos a un paciente portador de fibrilación atrial (FA) persistente, sometido a ablación percutánea de la FA por la técnica de aislamiento extraostial de las venas pulmonares, que desarrolló una estenosis acentuada del ostio de la vena pulmonar superior izquierda (VPSI), sin manifestar síntomas, diagnosticada por la angiotomografía de control de las venas pulmonares. El paciente se sometió a angioplastia con implante de stent en la VPSI con éxito, resultando en la normalización de la perfusión pulmonar, verificado por el centellograma pulmonar realizada 3 meses tras la angioplastia.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Atrial Fibrillation/surgery , Catheter Ablation/adverse effects , Pulmonary Veno-Occlusive Disease/etiology , Postoperative Care/standards , Pulmonary Veno-Occlusive Disease/pathologyABSTRACT
Objetivos: El propósito de este trabajo es describir la experiencia con la estrategia de Atención Integral al Posaborto (APA) en 13 hospitales Colombianos en lo referente a tres componentes: Consejería, tratamiento y planificación familiar. Métodos: Estudio mixto con un componente cuantitativo (corte transversal) y otro cualitativo. Población: Hospitales en Colombia que recibieron capacitación en APA entre 1999 y 2002 y que cumplieron con criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Se hizo un muestreo secuencial por conveniencia, entrevistando 127 pacientes, 13 gerentes, y 39 proveedores. Resultados: Entre 1999 y 2002 se atendieron 26 199 mujeres con aborto incompleto. Se trataron con legrado uterino por aspiración manual (LUA) el 40 por ciento y con legrado uterino con cureta (LUC) el 60 por ciento. En los casos de LUA se brindó consejería en el 99,8 por ciento y en los de LUC en 57,3 por ciento. Utilizando LUA no hubo perforaciones uterinas aunque hubo 2 reacciones vagales mientras con LUC hubo 9 perforaciones uterinas (Chi²: 2,16; p=0,14). Con LUC hubo necesidad de reaspiración por evacuación incompleta en 13 casos mientras que en LUA en un caso (Chi²: 6,25 p=0,01). Las pacientes sometidas a LUA refirieron haber estado muy satisfechas y satisfechas en más del 90 por ciento mientras que para LUC el grado de satisfacción fue del 60 por ciento. Manifestaron satisfacción con la estrategia APA todos los proveedores y 12 de 13 gerentes. Conclusiones: La técnica LUA presentó menor morbilidad y mayor satisfacción en las usuarias. La mayoría de los gerentes y la totalidad de los proveedores manifestaron satisfacción con la estrategia APA.
Objectives: This work describes Post-abortion Care strategy (PAC) experience in 13 Colombian hospitals regarding three components (counselling, suitable treatment and family planning). Methods: The study had quantitative (cross-sectional study) and qualitative components. Population: Colombian hospitals receiving PAC training between 1999 and 2002 and fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria. Sequential convenience sampling was used; 127 patients, 13 managers and 39 health-care providers were interviewed. Results: 26,199 women were treated for incomplete abortion during the study period. 40 percent were treated using Manual Vacuum Aspiration (MVA) and 60 percent using sharp curettage (SC). Family planning counselling was provided for 99,8 percent of MVA cases; however, only 57,3 percent of SC cases received it. There were 9 uterine perforations using SC and none in MVA cases (Chi square: 2.16; p=0.14). There were 2 vagal reactions using MVA. Uterine evacuation was needed in 13 SC cases but in only one MVA case (Chi square: 6,25 p=0.01). Patient satisfaction levels with hospital treatment were evaluated: 90 percent of those receiving MVA treatment reported being satisfied or very satisfied, compared to just 60 percent of those treated with SC. All health-care providers and 12 out of 13 managers reported satisfaction with the PAC strategy and with 12 out of 13 managers as well. Conclusions: MVA treatment was associated with less treatment-related morbidity and higher levels of satisfaction amongst patients. Most managers and all health-care providers stated their satisfaction with the PAC strategy.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Abortion, Induced , Hospitals , Postoperative Care/standards , Colombia , Family Planning ServicesABSTRACT
Background: Colonoscopy is a well established diagnostic and therapeutic procedure in pediatrics. Aim: To evaluate colon preparation alternatives for colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy, type of sedation, clinical indications and findings. Patients and methods: Prospective study of 123 children referred for colonoscopy. Demographic data, type of colon preparation, sedation, type of endoscope and endoscopic results were obtained. The following day, a phone interview was carried out inquiring about duration, quality and adverse effects of the sedation and procedure. Results: Seventy one boys (58%) and 52 girls (42%) with a mean age of 6.7±4.4 years, were recruited. The main indication was lower gastrointestinal bleeding (71%). The different colon preparations produced elimination of clear liquid stools in 50%, non transparent liquid in 23%, semi liquid in 22% and solid in 6% of the patients. Most common side effects were abdominal distension (20%) and nausea (16.8%). The most commonly used drugs were midazolam (76%) and demerol (43%). The average duration of the procedure was 18.3 minutes (range: 4-50). The most common findings were rectal polyps (18.7%) and hemorrhagic colitis (14.6%). In 77% of cases, the sedation was considered very good or good. Colon visualization was described as very good (51%) or good (36%). Seventy three percent of children had complete amnesia. The most common adverse effect was vomiting (7.5%). Conclusion: Lower endoscopies are feasible procedures to carry out in children, in an ambulatory basis, with intravenous sedation and minimum adverse effects.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Colonoscopy/standards , Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care , Postoperative Care/standards , Preoperative Care/standards , Administration, Oral , Administration, Rectal , Analysis of Variance , Colonoscopy/adverse effects , Enema/adverse effects , Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/surgery , Patient Satisfaction , Postoperative Care/adverse effects , Preoperative Care/adverse effects , Prospective Studies , Sigmoidoscopy/adverse effects , Sigmoidoscopy/standardsABSTRACT
Las inyecciones cervicales epidurales de esteroides se realizan comúnmente en pacientes con cuadros dolorosos en esa región, incluyendo patología discal degenerativa, síndrome post-laminectomía, dolores cervicales radiculares, etc. El mecanismo de acción aún no se conoce con claridad, pero se especula que los esteroides inyectados cerca del área afectada disminuyen el proceso inflamatorio responsable del dolor. El propósito de este procedimiento puede ser terapéutico o diagnóstico, y realizarse por vía interlaminar o transforaminal. En los últimos años, se han informado complicaciones severas con el uso de este tipo de inyecciones. En esta revisión discutiremos las bases anatómicas por las cuales una técnica puede preferirse a otra, así como los pro y contra de cada uno de estos procedimientos, con una breve visión general acerca de las mejores alternativas y sugerencias para evitar complicaciones catastróficas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Neck Pain/drug therapy , Neck Pain/therapy , Epidural Space/anatomy & histology , Epidural Space/blood supply , Injections, Epidural/adverse effects , Injections, Epidural/instrumentation , Injections, Epidural/methods , Postoperative Care/standards , Steroids/administration & dosage , Informed Consent , Prone Position , Cervical Vertebrae/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Preoperative histologic grading was used to decide the length of the margin of resection in adenocarcinoma of colon and rectum. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to determine the accuracy of preoperative histologic grading by comparison with postoperative histologic grading. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Preoperative and postoperative histologic grading of patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum in the department of surgery, Phramongkutklao Hospital between January 1999 and October 2004 were collected and compared together using percentage and chi-square test. RESULTS: 260 patients were included in the present study. 47.3% of all cases had inaccurate preoperative histologic grading. 43% of all cases had worse differentiation. 52.7% of all cases had the same differentiation. Only 4.3% of all cases had better differentiation. CONCLUSION: Preoperative histologic grading was not accurate and could not be used in deciding the length of the margin of resection.
Subject(s)
Adenocarcinoma/pathology , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Colonic Neoplasms/pathology , Colonoscopy , Colorectal Surgery/methods , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local , Neoplasm Staging/standards , Postoperative Care/standards , Preoperative Care/standards , Rectal Neoplasms/pathologyABSTRACT
Obesity is a chronic disease with an increasing prevalence in all groups of age, and is associated to increased general mortality and cardiovascular risk. The multidisciplinary non surgical approach must be the treatment of choice for obese subjects. However, the results of such approach among subjects with severe or morbid obesity, are unsatisfactory. In this group of patients, bariatric surgery and specifically gastric bypass achieves good long term results, maintaining a low body mass index, reducing complications and improving quality of life. Considering the widespread practice of bariatric surgery in Chile, the Nutrition Unit of the Ministry of Health formed a task force to propose update guidelines for the surgical treatment of obesity. These guidelines were proposed after a thorough literature review and discussion with groups that practice bariatric surgery using defined protocols. This document provides a summarized version of the guidelines. The first section discusses the background for bariatric surgery and the second part give specific recommendations for patient management and the formation of reference centers for surgical management of obesity.
Subject(s)
Humans , Gastric Bypass/standards , Obesity, Morbid/surgery , Practice Guidelines as Topic/standards , Body Mass Index , Gastric Bypass/adverse effects , Postoperative Care/standards , Preoperative Care/standardsABSTRACT
Las fases hispatológicas de la Apendicitis Aguda se usan para la descripción de los hallazgos intraoperatorios por parte de los cirujanos. Siendo la fase en que se encuentra el apéndice importante para escoger el tratamiento subsecuente, actualmente no contamos con el estudio histopatológico en postoperatorio inmediato. Quisimos verificar si los hallazgos intraoperatorios coinciden con los histopatológicos. Se revisaron 160 casos con Diagnóstico de Apendicitis Aguda, en los años de 1999 y 2000, en el Hospital "Dr. Patrocinio Peñuela Ruíz. Se agrupo los hallazgos intraoperatorios e histopatológicos en las cuatro fases clásicas de la Apendicitis, luego se compararon los grupos por cada una de las fases. Se usó el Test de Fisher. Donde hubo mayor coincidencia fue en el grupo de apéndices sin alteraciones. En el resto se evidencia una tendencia similar a subclasificar el estado de la Apéndice macroscópicamente lo cual hace al método poco viable para establecer tratamientos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Appendicitis/surgery , Appendicitis/diagnosis , Histology , Inflammation/complications , Postoperative Care/standards , Venezuela/epidemiologySubject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Postoperative Care/standards , Water , Risk Factors , Electrolytes/administration & dosage , Fluid TherapyABSTRACT
Se examinan los fundamentos de la vinculación del anestesiólogo con la recuperación postanestésica. Las alteraciones provocadas por las drogas anestésicas y ocurridas después de la anestesia determinan obligaciones legales del anestesiólogo por la responsabilidad que tiene sobre la recuperación del paciente al estado previo. La hipoxemia postanestésica tanto en adultos como en niños, aún en buen estado físico considerando el ASA, ha sido observada en numerosas publicaciones en el 25 a 30 por ciento de los pacientes. Se la ha relacionado a curarización residual, efectos de opioides, sedantes y aún por efectos de la anestesia regional. Los estudios de muertes atribuíbles a la anestesia han señalado a la depresión respiratoria postanestésica como principal causa responsable y en Francia determinó una respuesta ejemplar del gobierno que generó una legislación para obligar a las instituciones médicas a crear salas de recuperación postanestésicas atendidas por anestesiólogos. En nuestros días la presión para los anestesiólogos se ha hecho aún mayor debido a la progresión de la medicina de internaciones cortas (ambulatoria, hospital de día, fast track) que obligan a una recuperación más rápida de procedimientos de mediana o mayor complejidad, sin tener en muchos casos los recursos necesarios para el monitoreo postanestésico de la recuperación, el área adecuada, los fármacos indicados, el personal capacitado, etc. La Carrera de especialistas de la AABA que es el programa de formación de la FAAA tiene dentro de sus asignaturas "Recuperación Postanestésica". El Comité de Normas de la FAAA presentó al Departamento de Evaluación de la Calidad de la Atención Médica del Ministerio de Salud de la Nación las Normas de Equipamiento para Salas de Recuperación Postanestésica. En los congresos de la especialidad el tema ha sido considerado en la última década y la Revista Argentina de Anestesiología tiene una larga historia de publicaciones al respecto.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anesthesia Recovery Period , Anesthesia/adverse effects , Anesthesia/mortality , Anesthesiology/legislation & jurisprudence , Hypoxia/mortality , Monitoring, Physiologic , Ambulatory Care , Gastroesophageal Reflux , Health Care Costs , MEDLINE , Narcotics/administration & dosage , Oximetry/statistics & numerical data , Pain, Postoperative/therapy , Postoperative Care/standardsSubject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , General Surgery/education , Pediatrics/education , Antibiotic Prophylaxis/standards , Bacterial Infections , Surgical Wound Infection/prevention & control , Postoperative Care , Postoperative Care/standards , Preoperative Care , Preoperative Care/standardsABSTRACT
In order to evaluate the effectiveness of an intensive care unit (ICU), the case-mix has to be considered. This was a cohort study. By using Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation scores (APACHE II score), we evaluated the case-mix and mortality rate of 282 patients who were treated in our postoperative ICU. The overall mortality rate was 10.6 per cent. Higher Acute physiology scores and emergency surgery in the presence of chronic health status were related to higher mortality, but age was not. However, the original APACHE II model could not precisely predict the mortality of Thai patients. We used stepwise logistic regression to determine the predictors of death and found the prediction model to be -7.24 + 0.37 (APACHE II score) + 1.46 (postemergency surgery). The actual mortality for patients with APACHE II score > 15 in our ICU was higher than that predicted by the original APACHE II model. The causes of this difference might be difference in methodology, characteristics of ICU and the quality of care.